18. Identify and describe positive and negative reinforcement, positive and negative punishment, the different schedules of reinforcement, discriminative stimuli, and shaping.
Positive reinforcement-increasing behaviors by presenting positive reinforces. A positive reinforce is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.
Negative reinforcement-increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli. A negative reinforce is any stimulus that , when removed after a response, strengthens the response.
Reinforcement schedule-a pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced.
partial-reinforcing a response only part of the time: results in slower acquisition of a response by much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement
Fixed interval-in operand conditioning a reinforcement schedule hat reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed
Variable interval-in operand conditioning a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals
Shaping-an operand conditioning procedure in which reinforces guide procedure in which reinforces guide behavior toward closer a closer approximations of the desired behavior.
Discriminative stimulus -a stimulus, associated with reinforcement, that exerts control over a particular form of behavior; the subject discriminates between closely related stimuli and responds positively only in the presence of that stimulus.
Examples-
Negative reinforcement-increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli. A negative reinforce is any stimulus that , when removed after a response, strengthens the response.
Reinforcement schedule-a pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced.
partial-reinforcing a response only part of the time: results in slower acquisition of a response by much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement
Fixed interval-in operand conditioning a reinforcement schedule hat reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed
Variable interval-in operand conditioning a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals
Shaping-an operand conditioning procedure in which reinforces guide procedure in which reinforces guide behavior toward closer a closer approximations of the desired behavior.
Discriminative stimulus -a stimulus, associated with reinforcement, that exerts control over a particular form of behavior; the subject discriminates between closely related stimuli and responds positively only in the presence of that stimulus.
Examples-